Cyber Revolution free essay sample

The Cybernetic Revolution and the Crisis of Capitalism By Jerry Harris and Carl Davidson The Chicago Third Wave Study Group In the early 1970s U. S. capitalism began to suffer a deepening crisis of accumulation. This crisis sprang from the very heart of the modern industrial system, arising out of fundamental contradictions in its exploitation of labor and its conditions of production. But this crisis also occurred along side a postmodern revolution in microelectronics and computer technologies, creating significant changes in the forms of accumulation and wealth creation. uspto assignment help desk The two dynamics have created a new historic juncture for rethinking established theories of political and social change. Marxist economists such as Paul Sweezy have long tracked the cris is of accumulation. Recently key extensions have been added by eco-Marxist James OConnor. But radicals also need to take note of the important contributions of Alvin and Heidi Toffler and their three waves theory. The Tofflers describe agricultural society as the first wave and industrial society as the second wave. They have added new insights into the nature of changes in the economic base where knowledge has become the most important tool of production. This became possible because of the revolution in the means of production, or information technologies. Toffler calls this information society the third wave, or what well call information capitalism. For about 200 years second-wave industrial capitalism was generally expanding and dynamic. Although punctuated by cycles of economic crisis, it grew into imperialism and built a world market. In the metropolitan countries, the circle of wealth grew wider, as a substantial number of workers organized unions and attained middle class living standards. But in the early 1970s industrial capitalism hit new limitations to its growth. The crisis was all sided, including both labor and nature. In a frantic race to maintain profits, the system began to toss huge numbers of people into the wastelands of unemployme nt and insecurity. In itself this is nothing new. Capitalism has always contained the contradiction between expanding profits and lowering the cost of labor. Each business is driven to maximize its accumulation of capital in order to survive and grow on a field of ruthless competition. In order to do so, the pressure to reduce wages and benefits is constant. But this time, the downturn was not followed cyclically by a boom or recovery that could be measured in higher wages or new job creation for those who had endured the bust period. POST WAR EXPANSION While every periodic crisis has roots internal to the nature of capitalism, each crisis also has an historic context. At the end of WWII a number of factors came together, which gave renewed life to capitalism, particularly in America. There were four basic factors that gave rise to a tremendous expansion of the U. S. economy and industrial base: †¢ First and most important was a period of vastly reduced competition from foreign rivals. The post-1945 world was Americas market because the industries of Europe and Japan had been destroyed by the war. In such circumstances U. S. capitalism quickly grew with an expanded job base. The second factor was a tremendous demand for both consumer goods and basic industrial equipment and plants. There was a 15-year pent- up demand for homes, cars, refrigerators, and much more as a result of the depression and war. The organization of basic industry by the CIO leads to a large-scale post war labor offensive which won significant gains in wages and benefits. This set the social conditions for accumulation, laying the foundation for the post-war boom, the creation of the suburbs and the growth of the blue collar middle class. Third, alongside the demand for consumer goods, went the intensified demand for capital goodsthe need for new factories and heavy equipment, not only in America but also throughout Europe and Japan. This meant further expansion and the profitability that allowed the liberal social contract with key sectors of unionized labor. Fourth and last was the development of new technologies, which produced large-scale industries and jobs. Jet airplanes, electronics, and the chemical industries surged forward with resulting spin-off economic activity spreading throughout society. †¢ †¢ †¢ These strengths also increased the power of international financial institutions. The Breton Woods agreement set the gold standard to the U. S. dollar, which then became the sole international currency. And the International Monetary Fund and World Bank were established as arms of U. S. finance capital. A vital part of this growth was the states expanded role in reproducing the conditions of production. O’Connor defines this as the second contradiction of capitalism. He describes it as everything is treated as if it is a commodity even though it is not produced as a commodity with the law of value, or law of markets. (The Second Contradiction of Capitalism: Causes and Consequences, page 1) This includes land and nature, urban space and labor power itself in the form of the next generation of workers. It became the states role to assume the cost and regulation of these conditions through policies on education, health care, welfare, transport, zoning, water, air, forest and many other examples. The Great Depression made this possible when the New Deal redefined the role of the state as an important and direct economic player. To help save capitalism from its own cyclical crises of overprotection, the state began to regulate more and more aspects of the market, and assume greater cost in maintaining the economy. This was particularly important in the postwar recovery period. All these factors gave new life to industrial capitalism, and the ensuing economic boom lasted about 25 years. But the underlying contradiction of overprotection reasserted itself. Living standards could not keep pace with production. The tensions between wages and profits emerged in full force creating permanent economic stagnation. Alongside this first contradiction is the secondincreasing the scope of reproduction while decreasing the ability of society to bear the cost. Industrial capitalism needs to grow. Not only is it pushed on by its need to accumulate; its nature is that of an expanding mass society. Mass production, mass markets, and mass consumption are all part of industrial civilization. It therefore needs more space, more materials, more energy, and more labor. It needs to expand its use of the conditions of production, and externalize their cost. This not only led to the crisis in nature, but also in our cities and infrastructure. STRUCTURAL CRISIS OF INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM This crisis began with the reintroduction of fierce competition from Europe and Japan. Nixon was forced to recognize this when he ended the Breton Woods agreement in 1971 and the dollar had to compete with other currencies. By 1973 U. S. profitability had fallen to 9. 5% compared to 16. 5% in 1952. (N. Y. Times, March 28, 1983). This renewed competition meant the liberal social contract between labor and capital was at an end. American living standards peaked in 1973, and have been on a steady decline every since. In what was now a more competitive world, the struggle for accumulation become fiercer, driving down the wages and benefits of workers. This crisis hit full force in the 1980s when unions were forced into contract concessions resulting in billions of dollars in givebacks throughout the economy. While this helped profits, it meant less money for consumption. The results have been staggering. U. S. income has dropped from number one in the world to number ten. Real weekly earnings are 19% below 1973 levels, while the median income of families headed by those under the age of 30 has fallen 32%. Over 20% of our children live in poverty. Since 1988 the average net worth of American households has fallen 12%, or about $5,000 per family. These figures also expose the racist nature of the U. S. economy: median white households are worth $44,408; Latino households $5,345; and Black households $4,604. (Chicago Tribune, January 1994). Its no wonder that American factories are shutting down, they simply cant sell to a population making less real income than the generation before it. Capital flight has been a major tool to reassert profitability. The continuing pressure to lower wages and other costs has meant shutdowns and layoffs here combined with greater penetration into the Third World. Corporations make use of a global labor market where wages often average $4 a day. Why pay Detroit autoworkers $12 an hour, when Ford can pay 75 cents an hour in Jalisco, Mexico? NAFTA is only the latest result of this trend. These drastic drops in working-class income were also accompanied by the large Reagan cuts in welfare and urban spending. Just as corporations attacked workers to lower the cost of their first contradiction, the state cut spending to lower cost in the second contradiction. As individual capitalists externalized or dumped more of their potential costs, such as pollution, on the public, they also weakened the overall health of capitalist society. Government debt, the tax crisis, urban decay and violence are all reflections of the crisis in the conditions of production. As profits become weaker in the private sector, the corporations attack the wage structure and force the state to assume more of their costs. In turn the state finds itself deeper in debt and crisis, and must cut costs by attacking its social programs, selling off its forests, letting the infrastructure decay, etc. OConnor sums it up well in his essay Socialism and Ecology: The vitality of Western capitalism since World War II has been based on the massive externalization of social and ecological costs of production. Since the slowdown of world economic growth in the mid-1970s the concerns of both socialism and ecology have become more pressing than ever before in history. The accumulation of global capital through the modern crisis has produced even more devastating effects not only on wealth and income distribution, norms of social justice, and treatment of minorities, but also on nature or the environment. Socially the crisis has lead to more wrenching poverty and violence, rising misery in all parts of the world, especially the South, and, environmentally, to toxicification of whole regions, the production of drought, the thinning of the ozone layer, the greenhouse effect, and the withering away of rain forests and wildlife. Industrial capitalism, structured to build and feed a mass market, has thus reached new limits of growth. On one hand, it must maintain its profitability and increase its accumulation. On the other hand, it can no longer afford the unrestricted expansion of mass consumption, especially its externalities. The new limits are both economic and ecological. Thus the present structural crisis is all sided and deep. THE CRISIS AND INFORMATION CAPITALISM Coinciding with the crisis of accumulation, however, was a revolutionary development in the means of production. Advances in computer, microelectronics and telecommunications technologies have brought major changes to th e basic character of industrial capitalism. The application of knowledge is now the primary means of new value production. Of course, all labor has always contained two partsthe knowledge of how to produce something and the physical effort necessary to make it. In first wave society, physical labor encompassed the vast majority of work, whether it took the form of growing corn, weaving wool or maintaining feudal manors. In second-wave industrial society, however, machine technology and manufacturing increased productivity by a factor of 100. The knowledge of building a lathe or steam engine reduced the proportion of input of physical labor. But still the factory system relied mainly on physical labor and large scale material assets and inputs to produce value. But in third wave societies, the application of microelectronics technology has already increased computer productivity by one million. Intellectual capital, developed and held by knowledge workers and encoded in software and smart machines, is the key element of wealth in todays information capitalism. Physical labor and industrial machinery are now secondary to the value added by information. This has had a dramatic impacted on both finance and manufacturing, as is allowing capitalism to develop along new lines. The application of new information technology has meant that industry can produce more with fewer resources, less energy and less labor. Plastics have replaced metals, fiber has replaced copper, and chips are made of sand and clay. In fact computer technology consists almost entirely of intellectual capital, with raw materials costing only 1% and unskilled labor 5%. By 1988 the U. S. required only 40% of its blue-collar labor force to produce the amount of manufactured goods equal to that produced in 1977. From 1967 to 1988, weight per dollar value had fallen by 43%. By 1985 Japan had increased its output two and half times with just the same consumption of raw materials and energy as in 1965. Cars used to contain 1600 pounds of steel; much of that weight is now replaced with plastics. Thus the application of intellectual capitalin this case in the form of design has meant the drastic reduction of both physical capital and the labor force. But the restructuring goes even further. Because the speed of processing information has increased, on-time warehousing, niche marketing, and the elimination of middle management have become possible. Second wave Industrial society produced mass products in huge factories with a giant labor force. This necessitated a huge number of middle managers to count production, oversee workers and move information along the command hierarchy. Now the rapid acquisition and deployment of information is the primary goal of management and corporations have restructured to insure its movement. With expanded information technology and cuts in employees, middle managers are a disappearing breed. Timely informationwhich has led to shorter product runs, lower supplies, and niche marketing-also means rapid change and innovation. In essence the creative destruction of capital has been speeded-up. Its reflection in the labor force means more part-timers and more temporary workers. The most rapidly growing job category is contingent labor, forming 60% of all new jobs in 1993. This has increased the downward pressure on wages further. Even during the jobless economic recovery of 1993, while profits made a healthy recovery, the median hourly wages for males fell another 2. 7%, New technologies, corporate flight, and wage cutbacks have laid the basis for renewed accumulation, even in manufacturing. But this restructuring has increased poverty and class contradictions throughout society. The urban crisis, greater economic insecurity and political instability are spreading in ever widening circles. Like Catch 22, the system resolves one crisis only to create another with similar features. THIRD WAVE FINANCE CAPITAL The impact of information technologies on finance capital has been as dramatic as its effects on manufacturing. Telecommunications have established a global electronic marketplace, which functions in real time. The most important change has been a tremendous increase in unregulated, highly mobile speculative capital. This global infrastructure with geosynchronous satellites was created just as industrial capitalism was facing its crisis of accumulation. This allowed information finance capital to create a huge pool of wealth without creating anything for social use or consumption. While industrial capital had reached its limits of growth, speculative capital used the new technologies to expand and attract trillions of new dollars. In fact, the world trade in currency is 40 to 50 times larger than the world trade in goods. Worldwide the money market accounts for $500 billion a day, two trillion a year just from New York firms. Third wave technologies have thus been used to develop a global bourgeoisie. While finance capital has been dominant since the advent of imperialism, the national formation of this capital is now less meaningful. While still seeking to dominate its own state, today information finance capital, independently constituted with multinational currency, seeks autonomy above and beyond the restriction or regulation of any state, anywhere. Walter Wriston, past chairman of Citicorp and spokesman for information capital, has articulated this view in his book The Twilight of Sovereignty. He notes that today no currency is tied to physical commodities or any central bank, but instead is comprised as information on the global telecommunications infrastructure. He elaborates: Money is asserting its control over (government), disciplining irresponsible policies and taking away free lunches everywhere (page 66). International traders take a vote on the soundness of each countrys fiscal and monetary policies (page 67) and this giant vote-counting machine conducts a running tally on what the world thinks of a governments diplomatic, fiscal and monetary policies and this opinion is immediately reflected in the value the market places on a countrys currency. (page 9). Wriston clearly thinks this is a revolutionary development in freedom and democracy for this class. He goes on to state that capital goes where it is wanted and stays where it is treated well (page 61), noting that the ability to move capital is fundamental to the continuous efforts of mankind to live a better life. (page 72) This is free market ideology taken to is fullest and most abstract development The unhindered movement of money becomes the highest form of freedom, and the ability of global financiers to decide the fate of governments and countries the fullest expression of democracyall made possible by the electronic infrastructure and those with the access and knowledge to use it. In this sense one could argue that Ronald Reagan was our first third wave president. Reagans policies clearly favored the rapid development of speculative capital. His appointment of Paul Volker at the Federal Reserve lead to increased interest rates helping to move capital out of manufacturing and into the new global financial infrastructure. These policies helped create 20% profits in finance markets, while pushing manufacturing profits down to 10%. This sped the rush to deindustrialization as money fled to the market of highest returns. Reagans unconcern for Americas trade deficit, and his insistence on deregulation of the market is better understood as an early variant of third wave financial strategy. Information capitalism has also used third wave technologies to internationalize production even further. Transnational corporations have created global manufacturing and marketing alliances where the trade in products is now replaced by va lue added activities. A product may easily have a dozen parts built in different countries through an alliance of interlocking global corporations. Wriston calls a national trade balance an artifact of a bygone age. (page 87) As he shows: The popular IBM PS/2 Model 30-286 contains a microprocessor from Malaysia, oscillators from either France or Singapore; disk controller logic array, diskette controller, ROM and video graphics array from Japan; VLSO circuits and video digital-to-analog converter from Korea; and Dram from Singapore, Japan, or Korea and all this is put together in Florida Since there are thousands of such products put together in similar ways, the old concept of trading one item for another is obsolete. (page 81) Wriston maintains that the driving force behind the growing interlock of transnational is the need to access intellectual capital. BLADERUNNER vs ECOTOPIA Third wave capitalists are already divided between two wings. Both agree that education and the expansion of knowledge is the key to a strong and competitive society. An information capitalist like Wriston even describes knowledge workers as the new bo urgeoisie, noting that If Marx were alive he would call education the means of production. (page 108). One wing, however, carries over the maximize-profit- in-the-short-run values of the second wave, and applies them to both electronic and traditional forms of capital. While unabashedly seizing every public subsidy it can for itself, it takes an anti- government , free market stance generally. They are fond of quoting Milton Friedman, who emphasizes that the technological revolution makes it possible to produce a product anywhere, using resources from anywhere, by a company located anywhere, to be sold anywhere. (Fortune 3-8-93) It vision is of an unrestrained and unfettered capital, free to roam the globe at will and exploit an ever changing sea of opportunity, all made possible by the instantaneous flow of information. The other wing emphasizes creating of new value on a sustainable basis over the unrestrained making of money. It sees itself as information capitalism with a socially responsible human face, with an eye on making its fortunes in the green industries of the future. Its current main political representative is Vice President Al Gore, who writes on ecologically sound economics and calls for universal access to the electronic infrastructure. On the business side, elder management guru Peter Drucker defines America as a post-capitalist society where the main social challenge is to preserve the income and dignity of service workers who lack the ability to become knowledge workers and to prevent class conflict. (CSM, August 26, 93). Part of their view is to see a constructive role for an activist government that promotes the dynamism of the market while trying to restrain its ecological and social destructiveness. THIRD WAVE AND THIRD WORLD Both the crisis and new technologies have meant deeper penetration into Third World economies. Cheap labor and new markets are seen as solutions for the accumulation crisis. Information technologies have built a global workshop complete with a global labor force where, as Wriston and Friedman have pointed out, capital goes where it wants to build anything it desires. In fact, between 1980 and 1990, foreign investment by the worlds biggest corporations grew from $560 billion to $1. 6 trillion. U. S. News World Report, Jan. 24, 1994). The effects on the Third World have been tremendous. First, we can now see many newly industrializing countries accelerating their transition from rural first wave societies into the second wave. This has meant a new division within the Third World between countries still mainly with agricultural economies, and those with an urban industrial base. Some Third World Marxists like Samir Amin now use the term Fourth World to denote these poor, first wave agricultural societies. Second, the transition to second wave industrialism is often creating ecological havoc, just as it did in the northern hemisphere in the last century. But today, the capitalism of the North also uses the South as a dumping ground for exporting the ecological costs of its second contradiction. One of the starkest pieces of evidence of this was an internal memo written by the World Banks chief economist, Lawrence Summers. He stated: I think the economic logic behind dumping a load of toxic waste in the lowest wage country is impeccable ecause foregone earnings from increased morbidity are low. He adds that the under populated countries in Africa are vastly under polluted; their air quality is probably vastly inefficiently low compared to Los Angeles. (The Economist, Feb. 8, 1992). These rather cold-blooded economic calculations expose a global system of ecological destruction where national borders are viewed only as a footnote to the capitalist market. Finally, within some rapidly d eveloping third world countries, a small but dynamic third wave sector is developing simultaneously with the second wave. India, for instance, has a growing pool of talentedand relatively inexpensivecomputer programmers ready to work for any employer reachable by modem or Federal Express. The second wave changes are most obvious. Among the top 20 manufacturing exporters in the world are Hong Kong, South Korea, Brazil, and Singapore. Countries like Mexico, Argentina, South Africa, and Iraq have decisively entered the industrial era. Others like China and India still have a majority of the population tied to the land, but have developed advanced zones in their huge urban centers. These changes are causing tremendous social upheavals and stress as class structures are transformed. Not only is finance capital highly mobile, but also industrial capital. This capacity to rapidly shift production has provided continual escape from unionization, where subcontractors establish sweatshops in newly industrialized rural areas.. It has also brought millions of women into the Third World workforce in the most low-paid and insecure jobs. The growth of temporary and contingent labor is thus a worldwide trend. Capital mobility also reinforces political authoritarianism. Writing on the Philippines Jane Margold points out As a speeded-up flow of capital, information, goods and services circulates transnationally, foreign investors are well-positioned to manipulate the Philippines states fears of long term economic marginalization. A rational is then produced for the deployment of military, police and thugs to discipline striking workers (p. 8 Philippine Labor Alert, SeptDec. 1993). Certainly this is a pattern found throughout the Third World. This mobility is transforming key aspects of imperialism. Where territorial and resource control were of major importance in past decades, they are less so today. The method of international capital laying roots deep into a colonial society, and dominating through a permanent financial occupation, is changing. Today the control of the overall global market is more important than national economies. Local labor markets are used and abandoned in a rapidly changing sea of opportunity and competition. With important exceptions like Mexicos relationship to the U. S. ia NAFTA, the long term exploitation of any one country or bloc of countries is not the main strategy of imperialism. Again, as Wriston points out, capital goes where it wants and stays where its treated well. Its no accident that he titled his book, The Twilight of Sovereignty. The export of capital is still the key aspect of imperialism, but capital mobility and the threat of denying capital is taking precedence over long-te rm occupation as a means of control. This changing face of imperialism and its impact on Third World societies is also the basis for new strategies and divisions within the le ft. In first wave countries the traditional Maoist strategy of peasant based guerrilla warfare still retains considerable validity; throughout the 1970s and 1980s, it even saw various degrees of continued success in El Salvador, Namibia, Nicaragua, and Kampuchea. But in many newly industrial countries, labor struggles; electoral parties, and community based organizing for local economic growth have become the new focus. This is clearly seen in the experiences of the Workers Party of Brazil, the mass urban struggles in South Africa, the labor upheavals and democracy struggle of South Korea, and in the Party of Revolutionary Democracy in Mexico. Even with the heroic peasant uprising in Chiapas, which has electrified the Mexican left, no one expects Mexico City to be surrounded and taken by a peasant army. Traditional industrial Marxism still finds a firm home in most of these societies, although new concepts on the key importance of democracy; technology and the market play a vital role. For those countries caught in the middle of transformation the road for revolutionary change has been very difficult. Countries like Colombia and the Philippines have rapidly growing urban industrial sectors, but both have powerful guerrilla armies still well organized in the countryside. They also have strongly developing urban movements and democratic openings not present just a decade past. This has been a basis for debates and splits in both countries In a recent interview ex-commander of Colombias M-19, Navarro Wolff, explained Our original idea was that the people would take up arms and head to the mountains But two things had changed in Colombia we discovered that Colombia is a much more urban country than we had originally believed. And the country began to open up politically, which for us came as a great surprise. (NACLA, JanFeb 1994) The importance of urban-centered resistance has also been raised in the Communist Party of the Philippines. Ever since the Manila based overthrow of Marcos and resulting democratic openings, there has been debate over the balance and pace of rural and urban struggles. As always the issues are many sided and complex, but part of the debate has been over the role of urban insurrection and its relationship to peasant based guerril la war. Recently there has been an organizational split in which Chairman Sison still holds to a revolutionary strategy situated mainly in the countryside. CHANGING POLITICAL STRATEGIES The tremendous changes in the economic base and resulting shifts in populations and work relations have laid the basis for new political alignments. These tensions are not just present in the Third World, but also societies moving from second wave to third wave economies. The result has been new challenges for Marxism and radical theory. In America there are two growing class strata that need close attention. These are the new knowledge workers and the rapidly expanding contingent labor force. Contingent labor includes part-time and temporary workers and home workers. Today temp agencies are the largest employers in the U. S. This sector, while holding some highly skilled workers, mainly consists of low paid, low skilled labor. Knowledge workers are on the other end of the third wave revolution; they are generally highly paid and in demand. Technical occupations and professionals will be the largest job category by year 2000, representing close to 20% of the labor force. (Tribune, 11-7-93) But even among knowledge workers, there exists rapid turnover and layoffs. Contingent workers, as the most abused sector of labor, contain the potential for a militant anticapitalist movement. But new methods of organizing, different from traditional trade unions, need to be created to match the ways contingent workers experience their oppression. These will include combining community-based organizing with workplace organizing. Social demands like guaranteed annual income, lifelong education, and universal health care need to be combined with the traditional economic demands of the union contract. Knowledge workers today are in the position of the old industrial proletariat. They are key to the enhanced production of surplus value. Just as blue-collar workers contained two sidesthe conservative labor aristocracy as well as the most progressive sector of labor supportive of democracy and socialismknowledge workers will divided into two as well. One sector will form the social base for the defense of information capitalism regardless of its excesses. Others will deeply understand the potential the new technology has for creating and sustaining a new social order. This progressive side also is born from the conditions of its own labor, which are enmeshed in the most advanced forms of capital. This was Marxs argument for the importance of the industrial proletariat. Not just that they were exploited, but they were organized in the most modern and important section of capital. Therefore they encompassed the most advanced forms of political and economic organization. The economic organization of knowledge workers emphasizes less hierarchy, less bureaucracy, more information about and control of the job process, and greater participation or empowerment at the site of work. This lays the basis for socialist norms of labor, and blurs the lines between mental and manual work, which is the historic division between management and employee. The political voice of these strata has already emerged in todays battles for democratic use and control of information technologies. Lastly the new social movements need to be understood in their relationship to the crisis in the conditions of production. The movement of feminists, ecologists, and community-based organizations correspond to the reproduction of labor power, the exploitation of nature, and the pressure on urban space. Just as the labor movement was born from the first contradiction of capitalism, these struggles arise from the second contradiction. The feminist concerns over the control of a womens body, health care, child care; the struggle of young people for education and culture; the green movements battles against pollution, global warming and deforestation; community struggles over housing, industrial location, and drugs; all reflect the cost of capital externalization and a tightening circle of available resources. Since the state controls and regulates the conditions of production, the focus of these struggles is with local, state and federal government. Traditional Marxists who view point of production organizing as the most valid form of struggle need to rethink long held beliefs. The immediate struggle against capital grows from both economic and social grounds. CONCLUSION As Marx pointed out long ago: Modern Industry never looks upon and treats the existing form of process as final. The technical basis of that industry is therefore revolutionary, while all earlier modes of production were essentially conservative. By means of machinery, chemical processes and other methods, it is continually causing changes not only in the technical basis of production, but also in the functions of the laborer, and in the social combinations of the labor process. At the same time, it thereby also revolutionizes the division of labor within the society, and incessantly launches masses of people from one branc h of production to another. (Capital, 1954, p. 457) The same transformative process goes on today. A revolution in information technologies is creating fundamental changes in how and where people work. It is changing the functions of the laborer, the social combinations of the labor process, and has launched masses of people from one branch of production to another. Does this not accurately describe the world around us? Yes, the traditional crisis of accumulation has reemerg ed in full force, but the context and form of these changes has been the revolution in the means of production. New technologies have changed the face of capitalism, affecting the economic base, the relations of production, and are impacting political strategy. Our task is to understand the general crisis, its new forms, and begin to develop new strategies for appropriate technologies, radical democracy and sustainable socialism. Jerry Harris teaches history at DeVry Institute of Technology in Chicago. Carl Davidson is the director of Networking for Democracy, a Chicago-based cooperative assisting grassroots organizations with media and new technologies.

The Secrets of Essay Writing Samples for Gre Exposed

The Secrets of Essay Writing Samples for Gre Exposed Substance matters more than every other issue in regards to your essays. Essentially, issue essay is all about the way that you perceive the given topic. The topics would be associated with the normal difficulties. You won't be requested to write about a particular topic so much as you'll be requested to respond to a particular scenario. The very first element of the essay we'll analyze is the way that it succeeds in identifying and examining the pieces of the argument that are related to the endeavor. The grade of the essay will be wholly judged by your capacity to pick 1 side of the coin, and how well you're able to develop and support that decision. The 2nd essay would be about the argument analysis. Also a reminder you can work with me if you're searching for issue essay feedback. In order to get ready for the issue essay, you also need to make an attempt to attempt the sample questions of essays. Nowadays you know what it requires to receive an ideal essay score. Simply take a couple of minutes to plan your response and compose an outline prior to beginning your essay. If you don't write your essay in the appropriate format for the E-rater it may result in a decrease score. Since you may see, the longer the essay, the greater the grades. If you are thinking about why, it's because it isn't in any way easy to grade your essay instantaneously. The grader should realize what you are attempting to say, by reading once. The essay graders understand that you simply get 30 minutes to compose each AWA essay and in addition, they know that you won't have the ability to cover every potential argument, reason and rebuttal. Follow our simple methods and remember the sole thing that may force you to produce bad writing is worrying too much! However you get ready for the essays, make sure you at least write a couple of each type before you take the actual GRE. Others, obviously, scoff at the idea since they're such fantastic writers. Make certain it's simple to read and not confusing, make certain you've said everything you wish to say and not under or oversold yourself. No superior writer under sunlight writes two exactly same sentences within an essay or article. Essay The best teacher is experience. There's a lot that may be judged from the written essay. Remember to proofread your essay, as soon as you finish writing it. Question marks go outside the finished quotation mark in the event the full sentence asks the question. At times you can combine different story tips for an intriguing story. The topical outline about the overall discussion of the subject region of social work is an effortless supply of topics for essays on social work since it's structured in a manner that it's simple for students to locate and select certain topics. To get whole advantage, you should come to be very acquainted with the subject of genuine essay questions. But What About Essay Writing Samples for Gre? Since you may see, it wasn't difficult. Section 3 will start following your lunch. So, it's rather safe to say that the AWA score is a significant enough component in regards to admissions. Consequently, you will wind up with a score much lower than that which you actually deserve. You may observe that many Issue Essay prompts make statements that are hard to totally support. My report wasn't up-to-date, I might have to revise it tomorrow. Test takers all over the world believe they can easily master AWA in a day or two. Answers are provided at the conclusion of all of the questions.

Peter Pan Essay Topics For Novel Writers

Peter Pan Essay Topics For Novel WritersAn effective approach to writing Peter Pan essay topics is to go back to the beginning and brainstorm as if you were writing for a young child. You can begin with questions that children ask parents at the beginning of each class period. Use this first question as a foundation, adding details as needed.'What makes the main character different from other children in school?' This is the beginning of a series of questions. This question should allow room for the character's special characteristics and qualities. These characteristics may be either physical or emotional.'What childhood memories do you have of Peter?' This question should allow room for an in-depth analysis of his childhood. It will also allow you to create a memorable character who exists in your world. This character can then serve as a springboard for a variety of stories that you might write. A novel or even a screenplay.'How did Peter change during his life?' What character tr aits did he possess and what changes did he experience? This question will lead to discussions about his growth as a person and as a character. These discussions will be central to his development.'Why was Peter a loner?' This question provides an opportunity to discuss the reasons why he became a loner. Why did he want to be a boy and why did he need to hide? The answers to these questions should also be considered when you are creating Peter's world.'What influences shaped Peter's world?' This question allows you to investigate the characters and their world. It will help you give the characters depth and importance. It will also provide insight into the events that will occur.'What did Peter find in Neverland?' This question gives you a chance to discuss Peter's departure from Neverland. This event is central to his story. This is an important point in his life, and it will be the focus of your essay topics.'What happened to Peter after he was transferred to Neverland?' This ques tion will help you to establish the depth of your Peter Pan story and can give the characters additional depth as well.

Group Dynamics Research Paper Topics Tips

Group Dynamics Research Paper Topics Tips The group is going to be provided a task that it has to complete in 30 minutes. When you have that narrowed down, you can concentrate your research and compose a remarkable paper. However long your paper must be or how little time you need to complete it, there are a few general tips which will help you finish a first-rate research paper. If it's the very first research paper out of some series, attempt to pick the topic that may be used for them all. Furthermore, the tips will allow you to compose the paper efficiently without a lot of effort. Choosing one of our suggested topics will let you commence writing a thriving research paper. After the topic is chosen, it would be helpful to make an outline so you could see whether you have sufficient information for good-structured research paper. From time to time, superior research paper topics are just the easiest ones. Characteristics of Group Dynamics Research Paper Topics It is possible to also get assistance if you opt to purchase a history research paper from a trustworthy service to guarantee the best grades. Writing a research paper even though may appear challenging is a considerable portion of normal student life. In the last year of college, research paper topics need to be more specific and the research ought to be in-depth. The stated research topics may be used among other people to think of interesting research papers. The samples we've got on our site can help in the collection of the greatest research paper topics for college students. Organizing your research work is crucial. Some questions ought to be running through your head by now. Even if a particular research paper topic is getting a great deal of buzz at this time or other folks seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic if you don't genuinely have some kind of interest in it also. When you are concerned about writing research paper, it can cause you to be stressed and not to have the ability to perform in the simplest way throughout different regions of your life. Needless to say, deciding on the ideal topic for your research paper is the initial and most critical step on the best way to writing the paper itself. What Is So Fascinating About Group Dynamics Research Paper Topics? The results of a purchases paper on the internet can demonstrate the importance of relying on experts for such suppor t. For that reason, it's far better to avail professional aid for structuring a research paper. It's possible for you to make yours different if you purchase a paper achieved by a specialist online. Every customized research paper would have to be unique and for that you must collect a great deal of information with limited sources. Our experts are almost always ready to do revisions. Researching any issue about government or laws can get overwhelming because of the intricacy of the issues and even due to the wording of some laws. The research procedure takes a string of steps as listed below. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Group Dynamics Research Paper Topics If a teacher doesn't assign a particular research paper topic, it usually means you could think of your own idea. Ensure you select a relevant topic and you'll have the ability to submit a superb assignment. Following are a few of the suggested sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to pick a great topic for their assignment. Provided that it's detailed with relevant information concerning the topic chosen, then it's thought of as a superior research paper. All references will need to stick to the APA citation format. You should be certain to understand everything clearly once you select an essay topic. There are occasions when you're assigned with the topic but more frequently, you will need to create a topic on your own.

Sample Essay Prompt For High School Senior

Sample Essay Prompt For High School SeniorChoosing a sample essay prompt for high school can be easy, but not a lot of students know exactly what that is. Although many students are required to write essays in their high school years, the type of essay they write and when they choose to do it is entirely up to them. Many of the prompts you see on colleges' websites are old samples that are outdated or are simply plagiarized from other websites.Before you can actually choose which college or university to apply to, you will need to do a bit of research to find out what high school students have actually done in the past. You might want to look at the SAT or ACT, which are the standardized tests given to high school seniors and younger students. These tests are standardized across all subjects, so it is possible to learn about what students have done in different subjects and try to duplicate their results. There are also grade schools where you can also look for sample essays to get a better idea of what the students have done before.Another way to learn about what type of sample essay you should write is to visit websites that offer advice from past students. There are plenty of websites and forums where past students write tips on how to write a perfect essay. These tips will teach you what kind of topics to include, how to structure your essay, and how to emphasize your points.While you can use the sample essays as a guide to writing your own personal essay, you may want to tailor your own essay to fit into the prompts they give. Many of the prompts are very broad and will force you to cover a variety of topics, which can end up being quite boring. Your best bet is to find a topic that you really want to talk about. It can be as simple as something about your favorite subject or as broad as your favorite singer or movie star.If you are trying to find an example of what high school senior or junior students have written about in their sample essays, you will n eed to read more than just one website. There are too many sites to check, so you will need to spend a lot of time looking through various website to find one that matches your exact interests. You will probably be able to find examples from these websites to follow, but you will not have any specifics for how the student wrote the sample essays.The most important thing you can do is find a website that offers free writing help. There are websites that will offer advice and insights to finding the right topic and using the sample essays as a guide. They will also help you find a good teacher resource that will help you write a great essay. These websites and teachers will help you find a topic that you want to focus on in your college or university application.Writing an essay is very difficult for any high school senior or junior, but if you have some tips on how to get started on your own journey of writing a great essay, you will find that you are much more successful in getting into your college or university of choice. There are so many things that you have to remember, but if you can pick a topic to write about and apply that to your interests, you will have a much easier time when it comes to choosing what college to attend. Take advantage of websites that offer advice to help you on your essay.

5 Beginner-Friendly (And Free) Tools to Test WordPress Performance

Want to know how your WordPress site is performing? The internet offers a number of online tools to test website safety and performance, including tools to test WordPress performance specifically.With most of them, all you need to do is plug in your WordPress sites URL, and you can quickly gain valuable insights about how well your site is doing. SpeedUptimeMalwareSearch Engine OptimizationMobile FriendlinessUsing these tools, youll be able to gather data and check your website regularly for weaknesses. You can then use the test results and recommendations to carry out preventive measures or to take corrective action.1. Tools to test website speedGoogles PageSpeed Insights analyzes your website for performance issues and tells you where theres room to improve.Using this tool to test WordPress performance is downright easy. Simply paste the web page URL of your website on the tools  homepage and hit enter. PageSpeed accesses the mobile and webpage versions separately and checks each page on various parameters.It returns your score in less than a minute, grading your pages on a scale of 1 to 100, and categorizing them as Good, Needs Work and Poor. A high score generally translates into better user experience and faster page load times (though other factors, like hosting, can influence page load times more than PageSpeed Insights):It doesnt stop there, it goes on to make specific recommendations to help you optimize your websites performance. Some recommendations may require professional assistance to implement. But youll be glad to know that there are many free plugins that help improve your score, as well as  many ways to improve website speed.One thing to note is that PageSpeed Insights  does  not actually measure how long it takes your site to load. If you want to measure actual load times, another popular tool to test website speed is Pingdom Website Speed Test.2. Tools to test website uptimeSometimes, your website may experience downtime, and its lik ely that youll not even know about it. But before you can  minimize downtime, you need a way to actually tell how often your site goes down.Uptime Robot is a free service that does just that. It checks your website every 5 minutes to make sure its still available. And if its not, it will notify you right away.Setting up an account is easy. Sign up with an email, verify your account by clicking on a link and youll land up on the dashboard.Next, click Add New Monitor, and you can add any system by furnishing IP or host URL.To view your uptime stats from within your WordPress Admin screen, install Uptime Robot Plugin for WordPress. Youll need to paste the API key from your Uptime Robot account in the plugin settings. Stats and logs can then be viewed from any page or widget by placing shortcodes.You can also test the accessibility of your website right from your Chrome browser by using an extension. The Server Monitor can be added to your browser  and used to monitor any number of websites. By merely clicking on the extension in the browser, youll be able to view your sites status. Moreover, if you enable a popup, any change in the status of the URL will immediately show as a popup.3. Tools to check for malwareChecking for malware should be a core part of securing your website. But you can also gain by submitting a URL to a quick scan on online scanners such as Sucuri SiteCheck Scanner. Visit Sucuri SiteCheck Scanner, enter the URL of your website and hit the Scan Website button.The scanner conducts a remote malware scan of your website. It extracts the links, JavaScript files and iframes, and revisits the page as a search engine bot.It compares all the pages and links against Sucuris malware database and reports anomalies. The scan will detect malware, blacklisting, defacing, website errors, and out-of-date software. A report of the malware found is generated, along with recommendations as to how you can fix it.Its important to note that the scanner does not access your server, so its only able to detect front-facing issues.If you do not want to run the URL often, you can activate the Sucuri Security on your website and generate a free API.Sucuri also offers paid Firewall services  as well as malware cleanup.Another solid option for malware scanning is VirusTotal, where you can upload files or submit URLs to detect malware. Or Quttera Web Malware Scanner which detects malware lurking in your website.4. Tools to help with SEOSERPChecker is part of a set of four SEO tools from Mangools. Its user-friendly, allowing you to look into your competitors strengths and weaknesses, offering you an insight into Google SERPs.You can also use it to check where your site is ranking for certain keywords, which is important because you wont always get accurate results if you just search on Google (because Google personalizes your search results).The free account entitles you to 5 lookups per 24 hours and 50 keyword suggestions per search.  Visit th e tools homepage and input your keywords, domain preference and desktop/mobile view, and click Analyze SERP.Within seconds, youll get a detailed look at all the sites ranking for that keyword. It also provides information on 45 SEO metrics, including the number of Facebook shares that the keywords enjoy. You can personalize the report by choosing the metrics that you want to appear by clicking on the Manage Metrics button.You can also view an actual look of the Google SERP by clicking on the Snapshot tab.The results can be exported in CSV format for later reference.For an increase in the number of searches and additional features, youll need to create an account and sign up for their paid packages. SERPChecker is not the only SEO tool out there, there are many more free SEO tools available that can help improve your Google rankings.5. Tool to test mobile friendlinessGoing mobile with your WordPress site is no longer an option given the sheer number of searches initiated from mobile devices. Besides using a responsive theme, there are many things you can do to make your WordPress mobile friendly. And to check if youve got it right, you can rely on Googles Mobile Friendly Test  to test WordPress performance on mobile devices.Using it is simple, just paste the URL of your page to find out if it passes the test. The test results will show if there is any difficulty in accessing the page on a mobile. Besides, it can identify common errors such as small font size or closely placed touch elements.The results will warn you if external elements such as images and CSS files cannot be loaded. The test result will also include a screenshot of how your website appears to Google on a mobile device.Wrapping upWith these free tools, you can get a better understanding of your WordPress sites performance. And that means you can know whats going well, and where you still need to improve. Give them a try and make your website better today!And what have you been doing to test Wo rdPress performance so far? Does your website run the way you want it to? Feel free to share in the comments. Use these 5 #free #tools to test your #WordPress site's #performance

When I was Puerto Rican by Esmeralda Santiago essays

When I was Puerto Rican by Esmeralda Santiago essays In the book 'When I Was a Puerto Rican', by Esmeralda Santiago, we can see the opening chapter "Jibara". In this book we can see the live of the Author. Esmeralda was born in puerot Rico in 1948, grew up in a neighborhood called Macun. In this book she relate the story of her formative years in the island with his family before immigrating to America where she claims to have loss of identity. Esmeralda, in this first chapter tells the story when she was a child and lived with her parents in Macum. In this opening chapter jibara we are going to see how her family lived, like Jibaros or county people. (99) Esmeralda has only four years old and has just arrived with his family to Macà ºn, a town at Puerto Rico, a semi-rural community, where wild nature is part of the daily life of families living there. The father is making some improvements to housing, under the tropical sun, the walls of the brass housing overheat and burn the girl's fingers, which does not seem to arouse sympathy for the mother and her Told her "that'll teach you ", Mom scolded. "Never touched a wall on the sunny side. (100) A little further on is told in the new house as the father had removed uneven floor boards but it still creaked and tiptoe into the corners, Al loosen the floorboards to replace them by others, he warned that while completing the work, have to live with a dirt floor, causing chills to the mother, as under tables, in holes in the ground, they have been told her that there scorpions and snakes have their nests. Esmeralda's father was making a campfire and it enlists the help of emeralds. His father asked him to lift a table and take her to another place, when she did this, the insects were on the table began to attack the insects were all over his body, chopping, and causing much pain. Her mother got up and heals, making her feel bad for saying that this was the punishment for disobeying. ...